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Consistent with this idea studies indicate that autophagy may operate upstream of apoptosis [21], [22].
These data suggest that the Hh pathway may operate upstream of the Wnt pathway in B8 cells.
The signals that operate upstream of the core PCP proteins to provide anterior-posterior directionality to the planar polarization of the ventral node or GRP are unknown.
Thus, our results indicating a significant down-regulation of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, VEGF, and p53 following stable DSPP-silencing in OSC2 cells suggests that DSPP may operate upstream of these protein products.
CHEK2 might operate upstream of CHEK1 and downstream of DNA damage response (PML, TOPB1, ATM).
DAPK, and a few other genes, have been reported to operate upstream to p53 to induce apoptosis.
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Due to a high consumption of perfusion fermentation medium, the continuously operated upstream is about 33 €/gmAb more expensive compared to the fed-batch upstream.
The model is applied to simulate the behaviour of a membrane reactor operated upstream the Hydrogen Transport Membrane for Methane Steam Reforming (HTM-MSR) installed at the Laboratory of Micro-Cogeneration (LMC) at Politecnico di Milano.
RAD6, on the other hand, operates upstream of the branching between the error-prone and error-free pathways (Figure 3A).
In this respect, p21ras operates upstream in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and 2 (ERKs 1,2) [17], [17].
Thus, proapoptotic signalling of the AP-1 complex operates upstream of LMP.
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