This Article attempts to identify such features, theorizing that the limited empirical findings of the existing literature may be explained, in part, by the fact that the present liability system sets operable standards of care by deference to customary physician practices, which are themselves shaped by financial and other influences that already encourage excessive spending.
These standards will ultimately contribute to the 'data portability' vision of an inter-operable, standards-based web of data.
Carcinoma in situ, stage 3b, metastatic and recurrent breast cancers are not included as the standards for operable breast cancer do not apply (SIGN, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2005; ABS at BASO, Association of Breast Surgeons at British Association of Surgical Oncologists, 2009; NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2009).
Such studies could result into an optimisation of standard care in operable stage III patients.
The standard treatment of operable breast adenocarcinomas too large to be amenable to breast-conserving surgery is mastectomy with axillary lymph node clearance.
The current standard for treating operable early stage non-small cell lung cancer is surgical resection and for inoperable cases it is external beam radiotherapy.
The square node points at the choice between TAVI and the alternative intervention (AVR in high-risk operable patients (cohort A) or standard therapy in inoperable patients (cohort B)).
Radical cystectomy is the standard treatment for operable invasive bladder cancer, and the combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy is the common therapeutic option for distant metastases (Dreicer, 2001; Messing, 2001).
Hence the foremost requirement for realising holistic smart city related information services by and for wide-spectrum entities (citizens, governments, private enterprises) is to agree and utilise common, standard and inter-operable data formats.
Surgery has been the standard management for early operable primary breast cancer regardless of age and tumour biology.
