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Empty particles could be seen with an open vertex (Figure 1C).
Say that P1 joins π - open vertex v to Γ - open vertex w and that P2 joins π - open vertex x to Γ - open vertex y.
In other words, v must be matched to some other π - open vertex when constructing the indels of π∗.
c The paths of B are therefore classified according to their endpoints: a Π - path (γ - path) ends in one π - open (Γ - open) vertex and one telomere (of either π or Γ); a - path ends in a π - open vertex and a Γ - open vertex (such a path must have even length at least 2); a - path ( - path) ends in two π - open (Γ - open) vertices and must therefore have odd length.
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The open neighborhood of a vertex u is defined as N u):={ v∣{ u, v}∈ E}.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com