Conversely, in many semi-natural types of grassland, especially in Europe, the maintenance or reintroduction of large herbivores is a widely applied management tool, aiming to preserve an open, species-rich landscape (Ostermann, 1998; WallisDeVries, 1998).
BiSSE analyses indicate asymmetry in speciation rates between close and open habitat species, and open habitat species had higher speciation rates (Fig. 4a, b, Additional file 2: Figure S3a, c; Table 2).
Within Oryza, the majority of open habitat species inhabit seasonally dry habitats, and species adapting close habitat usually inhabit forests (Additional file 1: Table S1).
Thus, open habitat species may have performed better than close habitat species in the drier and cooler environments that characterised the Pleistocene.
In the open reference species delimitation approach, EPA-PTP yields more accurate results than de novo species delimitation methods.
Open habitat species grow in environments without a canopy of other plants, while closed habitat species are adapted to lower light conditions with at least a partial canopy.
We implemented an open reference species delimitation pipeline by integrating PTP with the EPA to identify known and new species.
Fishing began in earnest in the 1950s as long-line and drift-net fleets sought profit in open ocean species such as tuna, swordfish, marlin and shark.
In contrast, colonists and open canopy species showed little association with patch size.
During the last century, different approaches to protect open space, species, and habitats have been developed.
Nevertheless these afforestations may cause severe damage to open habitat species, especially birds of high conservation value.
