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We compared A. adenophora and non- A. adenophora (open) soils in order to understand its impact on belowground processes largely because such comparisons would include long-term changes in nutrient and litter dynamics (Meisner et al. 2011).
In Mussoorie, we observed an increase in the levels of available nitrogen in the A. adenophora rhizosphere of 95.62 % in the Hill-slope site (df = 28, t = −4.450, P < 0.0001) and 510.17 % in the Forest site (df = 28, t = −4.467, P = 0.001) compared with open soils (Fig. 3).
Higher levels of nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities are reported in the A. adenophora rhizosphere compared with open soils (Xu et al. 2012) but nitrogen levels in the present study seem to link with microbial activities as evident from higher nitrogen levels in sterilized A. adenophora rhizosphere soil (Fig. 1B).
Our data on higher levels of nitrogen in A. adenophora soils compared with open soils could be explained by the higher build-up of organic C (3.3 %) below its canopies compared with open forest soil (0.8 %), which could be due to higher A. adenophora litterfall (non-forest area, 1.4 10.6 g m−2; forest area, 4.5 17.6 g m−2).
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