Inclusion criteria were as follows: loss of reduction following closed reduction and cast immobilization, open fractures or anticipated fracture instability.
In both groups dislocation was treated with closed reduction (except one case that required open reduction) and immobilization by means of orthopedic brace for 1 month.
With these desired characteristics, the design of hydrophobic nanoflowers with tunable wrinkle channels for lipases immobilization opens up a new way to improve the catalytic activity and stability of the lipases, and may have potential applications in various lipase-based industrial processes.
In previous reports, two patients were treated by open reduction and cast immobilization [1, 2], two by open reduction and percutaneous pinning of the carpal bones and cast immobilization [3, 4], one by open reduction and suture of the anterior capsule and cast immobilization [5], and one by proximal row carpectomy (PRC) (Table 1).
Several treatment methods are reported in the literature, ranging from closed reduction and cast immobilization to open reduction and ligamentous reconstruction, as summarized in Table 1.
Over the past few decades, a number of evolving treatment modalities ranging from traction to cast immobilization to open reduction and internal fixation have been used with mixed results.
After the bead immobilization procedure, open channel structures can be reversibly sealed with a low-temperature bonding technique, like in PDMS film which is applied like an adhesive tape.
The consequence is that some of the MscL channels switch to the open conformation upon the immobilization of the liposomes.
Interventions: Fracture management (closed reduction, cast immobilization, external fixation, open reduction and internal fixation, percutaneous pinning) and CRPS management (autonomic nerve blocks, oral medications, hand therapy, median nerve decompression).
The injury can be managed operatively (percutaneous or open) or non-operatively (cast immobilization or functional bracing).
