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Trained residents used more assessment and supportive utterances, as well as more open directives, checking questions, other type of questions, and acknowledgements compared with untrained residents.
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Trained residents, as expected, used more open and open directive questions, more empathy and transmitted less information after training.
Ratings for the forms include eight categories related to statements and different types of questions (open, directive, leading).
Over time, nurses in the TG, compared with nurses in the CG, made less statements (P⩽0.05) and asked more open, open directive and screening questions (P⩽0.001).
The second part, B, asked open directive questions about the nature and level of support in place for students identified through assessment as "failing".
The other type of contextualisation observed was how individual treatment options were framed; whether this was in an open, directive or dismissive manner.
The trained residents (n=50) used effective communication skills more often than the untrained residents (n=48): more open questions (relative rate (RR)=5.79; P<0.001), open directive questions (RR=1.71; P=0.003) and empathy (RR=4.50; P=0.017) and less information transmission (RR=0.72; P=0.001).
During the second assessment time compared with baseline, regression analysis showed a significant increase in the rate of open questions (P<0.001) and open directive questions (P=0.003) for trained residents compared with untrained residents.
The decrease in the use of content words (medical, emotional and social) may be linked with residents' improvement in communication skills, open and open directive questions requiring less content words.
Regression analyses showed a significant increase in the rate of open directive questions (RR=2.14; P=0.001), checking questions (RR=1.66; P=0.034), 'other types of questions' (RR=2.06; P<0.001), and total assessment types (RR=1.83; P<0.001) used by trained residents compared with untrained residents.
These include: open directive questions, focussing on and clarifying psychological issues, empathic statements, immediate response to patient cues, summarising, and making educated guesses about what the patient might be feeling (Goldberg et al, 1993; Maguire et al, 1996).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com