Further, we show how the B-repertoire architecture may emerge, where highly connected clones are self-directed as a natural consequence of ontogenetic learning.
The applicability of the concept, however, stretches much farther and includes, for example, even 'learning to learn' on an evolutionary scale where our ontogenetic learning is merely an adaptation to a particular instantiation of a living environment for which we have been selected [101].
Unfortunately, no ontogenetic study in dogs included the scapula in their measurements, hindering testing the proposed ontogenetic principles in dogs.
Instead, they conclude (p. 216), 'the major learning process involved for ape gestures is clearly ontogenetic ritualization'.
Where some gestures could reasonably have been learnt by ontogenetic ritualization, whereas others could not, we examined these variables for both sets of gestures independently.
In principle, an individual might have learnt, by ontogenetic ritualization, to use quite different gestures to achieve the same ends when interacting with different partners.
Here, we study mating frequencies in the wild and experimentally assess innate male preferences and learning of male preferences in I. elegans to investigate the extent of ontogenetic changes in male mate preferences during development.
Focusing on a holistic understanding of learning, teaching and the interrelations of the involved constructs, one has to consider different ontogenetic levels: organ level (e.g. central and autonomic nervous system), individual level (e.g. characteristics, beliefs), and social/group level (e.g. acceptance, responsibility) (Sembill 1992 et passim).
Just learning, learning, learning.
Ontogenetic adaptations, including any behavior we learn in our lifetimes, can be adaptive to the extent that an organism benefits from them but they are not adaptations in the relevant sense.
In terms of ontogenetic development, bird song appears to be learned.
