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The time lag in onset timings between spread-F and S4max (Fig. 3) is primarily due to the physical processes involved in the generation of different scale sizes of the irregularities responsible for producing spread-F and scintillation effects.
While onset timings at all low-latitude stations were simultaneous, onset timings at the geosynchronous satellite were clearly earlier than at the ground stations.
To compare onset timings, we require an undisturbed background before Pi 2 onsets.
The onset timings for both Pi 2s are simultaneous, and the waveforms were well correlated (R ΔT) = 0.97).
In this study, since we were interested in the compressional component of Pi 2s, we used the P (parallel to the rotational Earth axis) component of the satellite data and the H (geomagnetic northward) component of the ground data to compare the onset timings.
Since onset timings and water chemistries of other syneruptive lahars are not known well, we are not able to discuss the general formation process for such lahars; however, understanding of ground water systems in volcanic edifices will be an important key to assess syneruptive lahar hazards (e.g., Johnson et al. 2018).
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Cluster 1 was at roughly (15, 0, −10) R E in GSE coordinates, with a bow shock distance, measured along X at Z=−15R E, of about 3 R E and magnetopause distance of about 7 R E, in the time period 4 5 UT relevant to onset timing, according to SSCweb (http://sscweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/) for the 1.3 nP dynamic pressure typical of the period.
Quantification of the parameters derived from the analysis of intensity-response relationships indicated that maximal amplitude, sensitivity, and onset timing of the response similarly declined with time after tamoxifen administration.
Boling et al [ 15] report EMG onset times to be pre-foot-strike (e.g. negative values are provided for independent VMO and VL onset timing) which contrasts with for example, McClinton et al [ 22] who evaluate onset times commencing at heel contact and Brindle et al [ 21], who evaluate onset times commencing with toe contact.
Murphy et al. (2009a) presented an automated algorithm based on the Meyer wavelet (christened the automated wavelet estimation of substorm onset and magnetic events AWESOME) and used it to compare the onset timing and location of long-period Pi1 waves with global auroral intensification times detailed in the Frey substorm listings (Frey et al. 2004; Frey and Mende 2006).
Wadsworth and Bullock-Saxton [ 20] examine the variability of EMG onset timing between shoulders with SIS and control shoulders over an unspecified period of time.
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