Therefore, this model argues that principles or cues may be present from the onset of word learning, but the use of a wide range of cues develops over time.
For instance, constraints theories typically argue that constraints/principles are available to children from the onset of word learning, but do not explain how children develop into expert speakers who are not limited by constraints.
The ERP grand mean waveforms time-locked to the onsets of words and pseudoword variants for selected anterior and posterior electrode sites are plotted in Figure 2.
To exclude unknown words from the second language word conditions, our word regressors only included the onsets of words whose meanings and pronunciations were known in the postscan test.
However, in that study, effects were measured relative to the onset of the words (rather than word recognition point as in the present study): the earliest neurophysiological effect occurred approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset.
Participants' eye movements were monitored as they heard single-segment onset mispronunciations of words drawn from a newly learned artificial lexicon.
Three experiments examined whether this is because filled pauses serve to delay the onset of upcoming words and these delays facilitate auditory word recognition, or whether the fillers themselves serve to signal upcoming delays in a way which informs listeners' reactions.
We also selected subsets of ASD families based on four binary subphenotypes, delayed onset of first words, delayed onset of first phrases, verbal status, and IQ ≥ 70.
We also selected subsets of ASD families on which we performed linkage analyses using the following subphenotypes: delayed onset of first words, delayed onset of first phrases, verbal status, and IQ ≥ 70.
As expected, DelayedWord and DelayedPhrase were positively associated with each other (if an individual had delayed onset of first words, he/she would be more likely to have delayed onset of first phrases) and Verbal and IQ ≥ 70 were positively associated with each other, but the two sets of traits were negatively associated with each other (all p <.0001).
Individuals who had delayed onset of first words (>24 months or the ADI-R code = 994 or 997) or first phrases (>36 months or the ADI-R code = 994 or 997) were coded as affected for the traits DelayedWord and DelayedPhrase, respectively.
