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Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that a set of brain regions including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), insular cortex, cingular cortex, and the basal ganglia demonstrated transient activation both to target stimuli and to the onset of task blocks.
A total of 55 rats were used: 23 aged, female Sprague-Dawley rats (14 mo of age at onset of task training; 18 mo of age at euthanasia) and 32 young female Sprague-Dawley rats (2.5 mo of age at onset of task training; 6.5 mo of age at euthanasia).
We followed the meta-analyses of task control signals by studying rs-fcMRI correlations between all the regions that showed any of the aforementioned signal types (onset of task, maintenance and errors).
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Prior research has indicated a broad role of these regions, and particularly the anterior insula and anterior cingulate, in the implementation of goal-directed tasks: using 10 different cognitive tasks, Dosenbach et al. (2007) showed that dAI and dACC consistently showed sustained activity throughout task performance, as well as a brief spike of activation at the onset of each task.
With the onset of a task requiring focused attention, deactivation of the DMN is typically accompanied by activations in task-specific brain areas required for successful task performance [16].
First, we wanted to characterize the extent to which visual information presented on a user-worn HUD (e.g., GG) impacts performance on a primary visual task, and how such effects might be modulated by the relevance and temporal presentation (i.e., onset prior to, concurrently, or following onset of primary task) of the HUD-based information.
FMRI acquisitions were time-locked to the onset of the task.
Before the onset of the task, participants completed six practice trials.
To address these questions we have recently conducted studies examining VLF EEG activity at rest, the patterns of deactivation that occur with the onset of a task, and their relationship with attention.
Stimulation was delivered time-locked to the onset of the task presentation for 3 s thereafter.
After preprocessing, the data were averaged for all three groups within a time frame of 0 45 seconds after the onset of each task.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com