Only after they have stopped, detained or arrested somebody while enforcing some other law or ordinance, and only when there is "reasonable suspicion", are the police required to investigate whether the person is an illegal alien.
Courts have long ruled that police officers can legally stop and detain a person only when they have reasonable suspicion that the person is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime.
The power has been dogged by several issues: it is disproportionately used against innocent ethnic minority Britons, it seldom leads to an arrest, and officers are failing to use it lawfully by stopping people only when they have reasonable grounds for suspicion.
Feinstein and other defenders of the program emphasize that the database is searched or "queried" only when there is "reasonable, articulable" suspicion of a connection to terrorism.
"Stop-and-frisk is an intrusive practice that should be used carefully and only when there is reasonable suspicion of a crime," Udi Ofer, executive director of the New Jersey ACLU, said at the time.
Intentional human dosing studies that are to be used only to improve the accuracy of a reference dose (RfD), and that otherwise provide no health or environmental benefit, can be justified only when there is reasonable certainty that participants will experience no adverse effects.
One formulation of such a weighing up of risks and benefits might be to say that intentional human dosing studies that are to be used only to improve the accuracy of a reference dose (RfD), and that otherwise provide no health or environmental benefit, can be justified only when there is reasonable certainty that participants will experience no adverse effects.
He said that human beings would become reasonable only when they ceased fearing one another, and that would happen only if they were more fearful of a powerful absolute sovereign who kept them all in check.
Under the Fourth Amendment, police officers can legally stop and detain a person only when they have a reasonable suspicion that the person is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime.
Police officers can legally stop and detain a person only when they have a reasonable suspicion that the person is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime.
