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In our third experiment, we directly tested this possibility by using only two exemplars but ensuring that they were visually dissimilar.
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Many repetitions were produced by the speaker, but only three exemplars of each syllable were selected for each tone.
For the normalization, we thus reserved only one exemplar per object or more specifically one object of all those sharing the same names in English or in French (for another study).
For example, the Asteraceae, with some 23,000 species, is represented by only nine "exemplar" species in our dataset.
While in principle this method is unassailable, it depends for its practical validity on the assumption that each copyist followed only one model or exemplar and generated only variants peculiar to himself.
This might have been due to the relatively low loads of the WM task in the other experiments (only two possible exemplars for Exps. 3A and 4A) and the higher load (four possible exemplars) of Experiment 2A.
If the attentional guidance in Experiment 1 were due to semantic information from WM (which could perhaps only be accessed with two exemplars rather than four), we should see attentional guidance when participants are encouraged to encode the object's category.
For most tribes and subtribes we have sampled only one or two exemplar taxa, so removing taxa from the analyses would be a poor approach.
But in natural scenes, two exemplars of a given category are seldom identical.
In fact, the ribosomal small subunit RNA gene (SSU) sequences from only two very closely related species have been used as exemplars in all the above studies that include any protostelids.
Two exemplars of Vulsella, corresponding to the type species V. vulsella, one of possibly only two living species, were included in the analysis.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com