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The dose response analysis was performed only for articles where the association estimates for "long-term users" considered a treatment period longer than 4 years versus no users.
Reliability of this conclusion was, however, questioned in the accompanying editorial article [ 14], where Ken Rothman has stated that " Skeptics might rightly take this as only mild reassurance, because induction times for radiation caused tumors often exceed 10 years".
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In addition, controlled vocabulary was included for the concept 'general adverse drug reaction'; this was done to increase the probability of retrieving only those articles where adverse event and drug co-occurred in the context of drug safety [ 19].
Only articles where tumour response was considered as the primary endpoint were selected.
Use "Act Like" only for articles about acting.
For those articles where only one researcher identified that the paper may contain relevant data, article abstracts were accessed and where feasible reviewed (earthworms - D. Spurgeon, fungi – A. Keith) to provide a greater degree of insight into the details of the study.
As a conclusion, let us mention that the bias outlined in the present article does not only affect biomedical articles, but also potentially methodological articles, where tuning parameters or method features are often optimized based on the data sets that are subsequently used for evaluation and comparison [ 39].
Moreover, the quasistatic protocol was only used in multisegmental studies (in 21.7% of the 46 articles), where the step size was reported in Nm, commonly as 1.5 Nm, except for one article that did not specify the actual step size (Table 2).
We included only articles measuring TEE in a more objective way (such as DLW) and excluded articles where TEE was assessed by questionnaires or activity records.
This is the only place in the article where Darwin is mentioned directly or indirectly.
Table 2 includes the reasons for exclusion from the meta-analyses for each article where appropriate.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com