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Despite all this, Europe's aid is only conditional on Afghanistan agreeing to re-admit all refugees deported from Europe.
In this case e can supply justification for believing p only conditional on independent justification for believing q, so that the information-dependence template is satisfied.
Generalised epistemic conservatism says that for any e, p and q, if any doubt about q would defeat the prima facie justification from e for p, then e can supply justification for p only conditional on independent justification for q.
However, if this missingness is only conditional on exposure status and not on the outcome (i.e., missing data is random, either completely at random -- MCAR -- or just at random -- MAR [ 31]), the proportions excluded should be balanced across exposure-outcome combinations, so that the frequency of outcome cases remains the same across exposure groups.
By accounting for both non-participation and HIV status equations explicitly in the model (individuals first chose whether to participate, and it is only conditional on this choice that we observe their HIV status), the key benefit of this method is that we do not require the assumption of data missing at random.
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By contrast, the symbiotic relationship remains only conditional to the host plant, as plant fitness does not necessarily depend on the fungus [4], [6], [15].
We stress that, according to the above scheme, quantum mechanics makes only conditional probabilistic predictions (conditional on the measurement being actually performed) for the outcomes of prospective (and in general incompatible) measurement processes.
G × E research aims to identify non-marginal genetic and environmental effects, that is, effects of a specific genetic (or environmental) risk factor that does not act in the population as a whole when averaging over all other variables but only act conditional on an environmental (or genetic) variable.
In general, primary drug resistance mutations showed consistent positive selection, whereas accessory mutations often showed only conditional positive selection, dependent on the presence of a primary drug resistance mutation.
Officials at Boehringer Ingelheim said the government offered only conditional approval of the drug on Thursday.
The quartet says aid can only be conditional on the Palestinians accepting the right of Israel to exist and giving a commitment to exclusively peaceful means and to abide by all previous agreements.
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