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In general, recognition of predator species can be innate or learned, or a combination of both, ranging from strictly innate recognition unaffected by experience (e.g. tadpoles: Gallie et al. 2001) to innate recognition modifiable by experience (e.g. fish: Hawkins et al. 2008) to recognition only after experience (e.g. rodents: Kindermann et al. 2009).
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Those who defend such cuts as fostering "personal responsibility" ignore the reality that Americans turn to Medicaid only after experiencing devastating accidents, illness or disability.
Although most articles made it clear that Smart involved the police only after experiencing a range of harassment every day for a month, the headlines pushed the wolf-whistling to the foreground.
The reason is that businesses tend to lay off workers only after experiencing weakness, such as slower sales.
Only after experiencing homeland economic crises did a significant number of immigrants from these countries send remittances (Menjivar, 2000: 100; Landolt, Autler and Baires, 1999; Itzigsohn, Cabral, Medina and Vázquez, 1999).
"It's only after experiencing all this that the fear, hopelessness, shame and anger I used to have towards my country and people have disappeared.
A second important finding is that this predisposition to a behavioral PTSD-like phenotype is revealed only after experiencing a mild stressor which, by itself, does not induce conditioned fear.
Further, more than half of women who delivered their last child in a hospital did do so only after experiencing complications in labour at home.
On the other hand in resource poor countries and for Tanzania in particular, majority of the patients report for health care only after experiencing symptoms that lead to a certain degree of incapacitation which varies from mild to severe pain, swellings, trismus or fever.
It was only after this experience that Mark realized what the A.C.A. had given him.
These words are all the more remarkable when one considers how many historians continue to insist today that the Nazi genocide was conceived only after the experience of total war had "radicalized" Hitler and his henchmen.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com