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It puts a face — or rather, a mask — on a far more pernicious problem: online espionage.
As online espionage proliferates, the United States government has grappled with how best to share its classified cyberthreat intelligence with the private sector.
Rather than tightly compartmentalizing online espionage within agencies as the United States does, he said, the Chinese government often involves volunteer "patriotic hackers" to support its policies.
Not only has attribution of online espionage long vexed investigators, the prospect of diplomatic or economic retaliation has also been an impediment to taking action.
Independent researchers who monitor Chinese information warfare caution that the Chinese have adopted a highly distributed approach to online espionage, making it almost impossible to prove where an attack originated.
In 2011, security researchers at McAfee unearthed a vast massive online espionage campaign, Operation Shady Rat, that found that more than 70 organizations had been hit over a five-year period, many in the United States.
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Cyber-security, which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly.
The threats posed by what Sir David Omand, an academic and former head of Britain's GCHQ intelligence agency, calls "the cesspit of modernity"—online crime, espionage, sabotage and subversion are not going to disappear.
According to a recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a think-tank, the cost to the global economy of cybercrime and online industrial espionage stands at $445 billion a year about as much as the GDP of Austria.Now a new phase in this contest is emerging: "the internet of things".
Online or offline, espionage is not warfare.
And it leaves the dangers of online crime and espionage.All this makes for dangerous instability.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com