The local nature also reduces the need for fine angular sampling, which makes TOF interesting for limited angle situations like breast PET and online dose imaging in proton or hadron therapy.
Online dose calculators for these drugs were implemented in a London National Health Service hospital.
Then, if necessary, it could be applied for adaptive radiotherapy and provides more accurate electron density for online dose calculation.
> Helical image acquisition was performed on a second-generation 128-row DECT (Siemens Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare Sector, Forchheim, Germany), using 2 different tube voltages (100 kV and tin-filtered 140 kV, reference tube currents 200 mAs and 155 mAs) and online dose modulation (CARE Dose 4D, Siemens).
This could probably explain why offline salt cleaning and online salt dosing failed to produce sufficient osmotic backwash flux.
Although the driving force for the osmotic backwash was present during online salt dosing, the generated back flow proved insufficient to detach foulants from membrane surfaces.
In short, all three trials using online salt dosing accelerated rather than prevent fouling, as can be seen from the rapid performance decline compared to the baseline performance.
Strangely, these results differ from those obtained in other studies, where it was reported that osmotic backwash induced by online salt dosing was effective in controlling membrane fouling (Liberman and Liberman 2005; Liberman et al. 2007; Qin et al. 2010).
A previous UK study found that introducing an online gentamicin dose calculator led to a 300% improvement in dosing accuracy (30%, 15/50 precalculator to 92%, 46/50 postcalculator) at an NHS hospital.
