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For the surviving majority it is vulnerability in terms of ongoing livelihood and wellbeing that becomes key, and in Montserrat social differences in underlying vulnerability become manifest in the unfolding story of crisis and response.
Unfortunately, our findings indicate that short-term initiatives, such as temporary housing, small cash grants, cash for work, awareness building, short-term policy formulation, community training, and support for ongoing livelihood activities, were prioritized in the recovery period.
"Now, we have vegetables and even leftovers;" now they are cultivating not only for themselves but to sell -- and build a stronger foundation for their ongoing livelihood.
And, WFP targets another 1.1 million people in other parts of the country with ongoing livelihood support activities.
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The three case studies demonstrated that aspects of leadership, trust, advocacy, administration, accountability and ongoing institutional support are key elements of empowering coastal communities towards livelihood improvement.
The erosion of institutions, population displacement, and the loss of livelihoods in ongoing conflicts in Somalia, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Niger, and Mali, for example, all exacerbated the disasters that did occur.
These factors often reverse ongoing development processes in pastoral livelihoods - herders are less likely to invest in new assets/technologies or to practise income diversifications in such an atmosphere of uncertainty (Mahama et al. [2005]; Majekodunmi et al. [2013b]).
UNICEF has also extended an ongoing Conditional Cash Transfer programme to increase livelihood support to 217 households across Djibouti Ville for a three-month period.
Under apartheid, rural South African households were forced to participate in an imposed migrant labor system, but current data show the ongoing relevance of labor migration as a rural livelihood strategy for men and women.
However, in order to more firmly and systematically assess the sustainability outcomes of enclosures and the ongoing transition towards sedentary, market-based agro-pastoralist livelihoods, further studies are needed.
It details the involuntary nature of the transfers, the loss of livelihoods, the deteriorating food situation, and ongoing abuses by the armed forces against the affected people.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com