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A previously described influenza typing assay that utilizes RT-PCR coupled to electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) played an early role in the discovery of the pandemic H1N1 influenza strain, and has potential application for monitoring viral genetic diversity in ongoing influenza surveillance efforts.
In addition, bacterial super-infection during ongoing influenza virus infections complicates the situation for the patient.
Laboratory data were part of the Ministry of Health's ongoing influenza epidemiology surveillance program, and no ethics review was required.
For instance, during the 2009 pandemic, our ongoing influenza study detected the first case of pandemic influenza in the country, and the government was immediately made aware.
In a recent national telephone survey of 2,075 persons in Sweden, responses to the question "Did you have the 'flu' last week?" provided useful public health information regarding ongoing influenza disease activity (13 ).
In addition, enhanced and ongoing influenza surveillance in wild birds and poultry will contribute to a better understanding of the geographic distribution and species involved in the spread of these HPAI H5 viruses.
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Virus specimens were collected from subjects with influenza-like illnesses as part of the ongoing Canadian influenza surveillance program.
The ongoing 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic highlights the inherent tendency of the influenza virus to mutate, produce novel strains, and infect large segments of the population in a relatively short period of time.
The ongoing 2016/17 influenza epidemic in France is characterized by the circulation of A(H3N2) viruses, known to cause more severe illness among at risk populations.
These two examples, however, provide empirical evidence that a high risk for the ongoing pandemic influenza has been perceived by the Italian population and that individuals have actively performed spontaneous defensive response measures aimed to reduce the risk of infection.
This article summarizes ongoing human influenza surveillance activities worldwide.
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