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For a hypothetical person on the verge of the threshold, even a small one-time exposure might be all it takes to move the internal state just enough to cross the threshold, and so toxicities that appear in some people only after prolonged, ongoing, and substantial exposure should appear in those on the verge of response after only momentary small exposures.
In addition, the one-time exposure measures do not accord well with the evidence that timing in the life cycle is important in breast cancer etiology.
That was mostly a one-time exposure.
That suggests at least a one-time exposure to excessive noise, Ms. Niskar said.
One-time exposure that results in cancer many years later is extremely rare, he said, and the scarring of the lungs that characterizes diseases like asbestosis generally requires years of exposure.
Violence prevention requires multi-dose learning, meaning that one-time exposure to the concepts of patriarchy and strategies for resisting it will not result in sustained change.
Similar(43)
Published on Thursday, the study exposed pregnant rats to high levels of prevalent plastics (BPA and phthalates), pesticides (vinclozolin, permethrin and DEET) or a notorious pollutant (dioxin), and then looked to see what influence the one-time exposures had on the ovaries of future generations.
Some predict that there could be more cases of asthma in the city over time, though most say that one-time exposures, even if severe, are generally shrugged off by the body.
Brief overviews and one-time exposures are probably insufficient if attempting to shift beginners' understanding to a novice level.
For example, in a study of 400,000 nuclear workers, Cardis et al. (2005) reported excess cancer from protracted exposure at a rate per Gray higher than that found in studies of one-time exposures in atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors.
These studies might not be directly comparable with ours, however, due to their high accidental one-time exposures including both PCBs and PCDFs, with exposure occurring through ingestion; as opposed to this study, where the workers had long-term dermal and inhalation exposure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com