It is no longer prudent to demand, as Darwin did, that all evolutionary changes are "infinitesimal"; some genome modifications may have had a substantial one time effect on fitness, e.g., those that involve horizontal gene transfer, gene loss, or genome rearrangement [ 13].
Supply constraints caused by extreme weather conditions appear to have caused price spikes for some foods, like spring onion and cabbage — one-time effects that will not have a lasting effect on overall food prices, he added.
The results reflect the one-time effects of the sale of its stake in Debitel communication services and the reorganization of its Adtranz rail unit.
Their price cuts eroded the company's operating profit margin, which, excluding gains from the sale of the Sony Ericsson stake and other one-time effects.
Excluding these and other one-time effects, Ericsson's operating income rose 50 percent in the period, to 2.1 billion kronor from 1.4 billion kronor a year earlier.
Many economists also worry that recent signs of improvement in parts of Asia may be tied to one-time effects like improved credit conditions and the restocking of inventories by companies.
Excluding the gain from stock sales and other one-time effects, earnings fell 3.3percentto to 1.2 billion euros ($1.1 billion) from 1.24 billion euros ($1.15 billion) in the company's seven business divisions, which range from book publishing to music.
The results include one-time effects caused by construction activities and also annual effects of ethanol production and wind turbine operation; however, the authors do not explicitly report value-added effects, but rather a limited set of economic figures.
