We calculated intracardiac velocities on the order of one body length per second (∼2 4 mm/second).
It can achieve an average velocity of one body length per second.
So far, the MIT researchers have gotten their prototypes close to one body length per second — much slower than their natural counterparts but faster than earlier generations of robotic fish.
For comparison, human blood velocities at the mitral and tricuspid valves are in the order of 0.6 1.3 m/second and 0.3 0.7 m/second, respectively (DeMaria and Blanchard, 2007), both of which are less than one body length per second (adult human body length is ∼1.7 m) (Kuczmarski et al., 2000).
The muscle was stimulated into tetanus at the frequency required to generate the Po, while in tetanic state the muscle was stretched at a rate of one fibre length per second for 0.15 s, equating to a total stretch of 15% of fibre length.
As have previous studies of mutation surfing (Edmonds et al. 2004; Klopfstein et al. 2005; Travis et al. 2007; Hallatschek and Nelson 2008), the present work considers only nearest-neighbor migration, in which an individual can move at most one cell length per generation.
Based on EMG data from swimming lampreys in a swim-mill (Wallén and Williams, 1984), the square waves occupied 36% of each cycle, alternating on the left and right sides, and travelling down the body at a speed of one body length per cycle at all frequencies (Williams et al., 1989).
A brief survey of other well-characterized phage tail fibers shows that such fibers yield approximately one nm of length per 12 20 amino acid residues (data not shown).
The following geometrical parameters of the cathode are considered: the thickness, and length per one shoulder of the interdigitated air distributor and the length of the shoulder.
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