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The number N would increase with decreasing limiting apparent brightness f0, because one is sampling, on average, larger volumes of space when one counts fainter sources.
Although our arguments specifically address how one should sample individuals and congressional districts in the US, our conclusions apply to any situation where one is sampling micro-level units nested within diverse and influential macro-level contexts.
Unfortunately, replicate populations that have evolved under exactly the same selection regime may not be available, particularly if one is sampling populations from nature.
Two recognised factors affect the accuracy of biopsy-based Gleason scoring: one is sampling variation (i.e., failing to sample the area with the highest Gleason grade), and the second is pathologist discordance in Gleason scoring (Porten et al, 2011; Corcoran et al, 2012; Epstein et al, 2012).
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Where there are more than one such short-term estimates, the latest (most long-term) one is sampled.
Kidney slabs were cut into blocks (1 16) from which one was sampled and embedded in plastic.
One was sampled from windows of odd chromosomes, while the other was sampled from windows of even chromosomes.
The sample of the BESS state consists of two parts: one is sample of the running state, the other is sample of the state of charge (SOC).
All the Indiana voters and most of the North Carolina ones were sampled as they left 35 primary election locations throughout each state on Tuesday.
But theater musicals want plots, and several very familiar ones are sampled here.
One obvious consideration is sampling biases.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com