An IGE is a heritable effect of one individual on the trait value of another individual (reviewed in Wolf et al., 1998; Bijma, 2011a).
An IGE is a heritable effect of one individual on the trait value of another, the classical example being a genetic maternal effect (Dickerson 1947; Willham 1963; Cheverud 1984; Moore et al. 1998).
More importantly, quality life must be built around personal choices and filled with one's individual traits.
Bivariate P-values of <5 × 10−8 were considered genome-wide significant with potential pleiotropic effects, except when one of the individual trait P values was lower than the bivariate P value.
In 2D grids, EMMAX, FaST-LMM and GenABEL simply tackle each individual trait independently, one after another, for a total complexity of O tmpn ).
Two signals reached genome-wide significance in this analysis, but these were both heavily driven by low P values in one of the individual traits.
Thus, finding that four of the six top hits for reproductive lifespan had been reported previously for one of the individual traits, was not necessarily surprising, as these had very low P values in the original analysis.
There is increasing evidence that phenotypic traits in one individual may be influenced by another individual's genotype [ 27, 28]; these effects are known as indirect genetic effects (IGEs).
Based on 1) the dominant inheritance of DDOD, 2) the identical phenotype of the two probands, and 3) the pedigree traits (only one individual and neither parent had symptoms), we assumed that there may be a de novo mutation following the dominant inheritance characteristics.
In many organisms, structural or chemical traits of one individual must match a corresponding component of the mating partner thus, compatibility is the result of coevolutionary dynamics within species and is also, in many systems, analogous to lock-and-key diversification that contributes directly to species boundaries.
We developed an agent-based model of cultural transmission in socially structured populations in which a trait arises in one individual and either persists until a stable population equilibrium is reached, or goes extinct.
