For instance, according to the French creolist Robert Chaudenson, plantation communities were preceded by homesteads on which approximations of the colonial varieties of European languages, rather than pidgins, were spoken by masters, servants, and slaves alike.
Approximation has been used as remedy to achieve truthfulness on other mechanism design problems, and we study which approximation ratios we can get from truthful mechanisms.
This paves the way to hierarchical application of the TV algorithm to progressively extended nested sets, on which the approximation error plays just the same role as the acquisition noise.
The main ingredients of this model are the approximations of the noise variance function and the bias function, together with the ranges [ y min ′, y max ′ ] on which these approximations are accurate.
An energy estimate for the scattered field is obtained on which the Born approximation is based.
In contrast to previous studies, a similarity relation based on the fuzzy measure Pos is defined, based on which, the rough approximation method is adopted for addressing the feasible region featured by the constraints that contain fuzzy coefficients.
The most obvious consequence of assuming "counts ≈ probabilities" under these constraints is that the normal approximation, on which the χ2 statistic is critically dependent, may be invalid enough to yield misleading results.
For example, the diffusion approximation, on which most of the finite-element method is typically based, becomes invalid when the ratio of the absorption to the scattering coefficients is low (e.g., in the liver, blood, or bladder) or, when the source/detector distance is comparable to the transport mean free pathlength.
Good agreement between the analytical and numerical results endorses the approximations on which the analytical solutions are based and the VECTIS numerical results.
The model is validated with empirical electricity consumption data in China between 1980 and 2012, based on which the error of approximations between 1980 and 2009 is ±15% and the error of predictions between 2010 and 2012 is [−8%, −5%].
