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Maize produces the hydroxamic acid DIMBOA which has been shown to have deleterious effects on WCR larvae [23].
In order to identify the effect of Wolbachia on WCR survivability, a hatch assay was conducted in which the eclosed larvae from an isolated sample of eggs were counted over time.
In particular, the direct effects of Miscanthus on WCR (solid arrows in Fig. 1) and the resultant indirect effects of Miscanthus on maize (dashed arrows in Fig. 1) are unknown.
Because there are no commercial-scale data on direct and indirect interactions between WCR, maize and Miscanthus, we investigated the direct effects of Miscanthus on WCR relative to maize.
Based on our results, combined with literature on WCR ecology and behaviour, we present below a range of plausible/probable positive, negative, direct and indirect effects to maize production that may arise from production scale cultivation of Corn Belt Miscanthus.
However, in our bioassay, the mortality of both rpl19 and v-ATpase-D are relatively low (data not shown) in spite of high dose of dsRNA compared with the LC50 for the same genes in the research of Baum et al. on WCR larva [11].
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The impact of WCR on maize production has been exacerbated by the fact that WCR has proved difficult to control.
Host plant had a significant effect on dry weight of WCR (F1,285 = 17.791, P<0.001) with adult beetles emerging from corn being heavier than those from Miscanthus (Fig. 3A).
In principle, this could be implemented by calculating the joint probability of (WCR, NHB) either on a week-by-week basis, or on a slightly more coarse temporal scale of the time-windows of high/low ILI activities in the seasonal data.
The impacts of WCR as a pest on Miscanthus might not have a significant effect on biomass yield owing to the perennial nature of the abundant roots.
Figure 3 shows the simulated result of WCR(θ R ) based on the same BiSAR parameters used in Fig. 2.
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