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Pharmaceuticals are designed to have physiological effects on target organisms.
We analysed the data presented for three assessment categories of the ERA of genetically modified [GM] maize applications for cultivation in the European Union: the agronomic evaluations and the assessments of the effects of GM maize on target organisms and of its potential adverse effects on non-target organisms.
We acknowledge, as have others [11], [22], that there is a clear trade-off in using video as the primary data-collecting source, in that taxonomic resolution can be lower (depending on target organisms) because specimens are not retrieved to verify identification, and especially in the case of smaller taxa, identification may be limited to higher taxonomic levels.
However, the potential health effects of agricultural pesticide exposures are of particular interest, as these chemicals are designed to have adverse biological effects on target organisms.
For a specific location, their assessments would include the chemical form of the metal as it enters the environment, the environmental conditions affecting its form and distribution (e.g., soil geochemistry, rainfall), and the effects that particular forms will have on target organisms.
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Although most studies assessed use of, or exposure to, pesticides or specific pesticide subgroups (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides), some studies also attempted to collect information on pesticide names and formulations or on target organism (Davis 1991; Dell 2004; Infante-Rivard et al. 1999; Ma et al. 2002; Steinbuch 1994).
Indeed, in the bipartite citation network, the common references through which the articles were linked were of various types: they were general reviews or books on resistance evolution, theoretical articles on resistance evolution, or specific studies on the biology of target organisms.
Further studies are required to reveal the chemical processes underlying the observed effects of microbial volatiles on a wide range of target organisms in the natural environment.
Consequently, outline and design of photocatalytic reactor has been figured out based on the target organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and cancer cells.
Also EOs are characterized by reduced effects on non target organisms and minimal environmental persistence [12].
Whereas earlier work to investigate the effects of prebiotics on the gut microbiota tended to focus entirely on the intended target organisms (normally Bifidobacterium spp), it is now possible, and certainly desirable, to monitor the response of the whole community so as to assess the selectivity of different prebiotics.
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