Such topographic structure is found experimentally to give large field enhancement.
Such topographic information may prove useful in distinguishing different underlying processes that contribute to this modulation.
For the site effect, a rock mass has been assumed for the subsoil condition and a flat land for the topographic condition; on such basis an amplification factor S = 1.0 has been adopted in accordance with the Italian building code (NTC 2008; DPCM 2011).
However, its influence on such structures at small spatial scales has hardly been investigated for forest tree species even though many of them are located in mountains with complex topographic features.
It is surprising to see such a topographic signature so clearly, though topographic features have already been observed by ground-based observations (e.g., Lecacheux et al. 1993).
Soil classification may be based on various sets of criteria, such as topographic position, landscape and sedimentological processes which may be taken into account while analyzing any hazardous events.
Even considering 3D heat transport such a topographic effect on the temperature distribution can be traced downwards to upper crustal levels, causing local short-wavelength temperature anomalies in the shallow thermal field.
In the case of cirque glaciers (< 10 km2), erosional feedback is less important, but factors such as topographic controls on the accumulation of redistributed snow and ice and the availability of surface debris, regulate glacier dimensions and thereby determine where moraines are deposited.
Soil moisture dynamics plays an active role in ecological and hydrological processes, and it depends on a large number of environmental factors, such as topographic attributes, soil properties, land use types, and precipitation.
On every sighting, animals were counted and classified, and habitat variables such as topographic feature, elevation, slope, aspect, dominant plant species, and approximate plant cover were recorded.
