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The bucks will rub the dark velvet off their horns on saplings.
Heterogeneous openings provide many micro-habitats favouring flower-visiting insects, phytophages on saplings, on fallen tree crowns, and on diverse understory flora, as well as ground insects on specific micro-sites.
These results suggest that debarking by deer first occurs on saplings.
Height and the occurrence of debarking on saplings >30 cm in height and <3 cm in DBH were measured and recorded in each subplot.
The incidence of break scars on saplings ≥ 2 cm dbh and < 6 cm dbh was greater (107/100 stems) on level ground than on slopes (77/100 stems), although high variability precluded statistical significance.
Table 1 AIC and coefficients of models which had ΔAIC < 2 compared to the lowest AIC model for explaining the occurrence of debarking on saplings AIC ΔAIC Elevation zonea 2500 m Dist.
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Founding queens occurred mainly in September and October and occasionally patrolled plant surfaces at high numbers, including one observation of approximately 30 queens of four Pseudomyrmex species on one sapling of 50-cm height without obvious aggressive behavior.
Photo: Rows of saplings on the beach at Keechankupam, India, commemorate the local victims of the December tsunami, which killed nearly 8,000 people in the region.
By 2002, densities of saplings on the predator-free islands had plummeted to 25% of those at the sites with predators.
Our findings indicate that seedlings generally exhibited negative to positive feedbacks depending on sapling-seedling species combinations.
We planted those uninoculated seedlings directly into mesocosms (instead of sowing seeds) in order to focus on sapling effects on the seedlings that survived, not on mortality before the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com