It should be noted that the added burden of permanent emigration could not be captured in this cross-sectional survey based on one hospital in India.
We use a multi-state capture recapture model with a misclassification parameter in estimating both the rate of permanent emigration and/or tag failure and the rate at which individuals are mistakenly identified as dead.
Nonetheless, we cannot rule out the hypothesis of permanent emigration.
Most poor countries are actively hostile to permanent emigration.
Beginning in the 1980s, however, as the Spanish economy improved, there was very little permanent emigration from Spain.
Dr. Ajit Ghose, senior economist at the International Labour Organization, suggests a similar "fixed-period migration" as a policy to prevent permanent emigration for Caribbean natives.11.11
Permanent emigration corresponds to individuals leaving the study site which might bias survival estimate [75].
Survival rates are affected both by mortality and by permanent emigration from the study area and resighting rates reflect both variation in observation/capture effort and the temporary emigration of individuals from the study area [16].
Survival estimates are affected by mortality and permanent emigration, while resighting rates are affected by mark observation effort and temporal dispersal to other areas [5].
A common problem is that survival rates are the most difficult demographic rates to obtain because of the permanent emigration (dispersal) from a finite study area [53].
