The island has been experiencing recurrent floods, erosion, and siltation, which has distressed the socio-economic foundation and livelihood of the Mishing a indigenous community on Northeast India, leading to out migration from the island.
In migration studies, the focus has traditionally been on out-migration from the countryside and problems associated with loss of population.
We find that disparity in economic development between countries drives migration flows in both directions, while host-country demand has a stronger impact on out-migration than on return migration.
This interpretation is supported by the negative effect ofaverage wealth in a community on out-migration propensity of its members.
If so, we would expect to observe a negative effect on in-migration from other states and a positive effect on out-migration to other states.
To account for such delayed responses, Henry et al. (2004) performed discrete-time event history analyses to investigate the impact of both average rainfall and rainfall variability on out-migration in Burkina Faso.
If a person feels compelled to leave, and positions are available, the brakes on out-migration are primarily those associated with family ties, yet it is concern for the security of one's family and children that ranks high as a reason to migrate in the first place.
While studies on the effects of global migration tend to focus on remittances or the impacts of out-migration on local economies, the model of return economies provides an illuminating case to understand how emerging trends of return migration are propelling transformations within various economies throughout the Global South.
On the other hand, Elsner (2013a, 2013b) identifies positive effects of out-migration on wages in Lithuania; additionally, outmigration might uncover potential benefits through brain circulation.
Bartlett et al. (2010) highlighted the impact of out-migration on life satisfaction in rural areas.
This was developed for the main longitudinal study which was designed to study the impact on older parents of out-migration of their adult children/offspring from the district [ 17].
