Focusing on organisms as one prominent kind of biological individual sheds substantial light on what biological individuals are.
He said there could be knock-on impacts on organisms further up the food chain.
He contrasts this with the orthodox Darwinian view, that natural selection works only on organisms.
Most people would never dream of the many kinds of effects that parasites have on organisms they colonize.
Sessile polyps depend for food on organisms that come into contact with their tentacles.
"The chemistry is so fundamental and changes so rapid and severe that impacts on organisms appear unavoidable," according to James Orr, who headed the symposium's scientific committee.
"There's not a lot known of the toxic effects of oil on organisms living in deeper waters".
primarily focused their explanations on organisms and populations.
The potential adverse effects of graphene oxide (GO) on organisms have received great attention.
In other words: No effect (plant protection) without side effects (on organisms in the environment).
PCBs are of great concern because of their persistence, high lipophilicity, and adverse effects on organisms.
