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A heart rate above 95 bpm is associated with major cardiac events in critically ill patients [ 22] but this is likely to be the result of effects on many pathways rather than solely improving myocardial oxygen utilisation.
This method identifies changes in the gene expression data which correlate with changes in the concentration of a particular metabolite and is particularly advantageous when investigating changes in metabolites which lie on many pathways.
Analysis of these data by IPA is summarized in Supplemental Material, Tables S2 S5; these results highlight effects on many pathways, including NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, the pentose phosphate pathway, vitamin C transport, heme degradation, methylglyoxal degradation, heme biosynthesis, and others.
When analyzing the biological functions of the genes differentially expressed upon infection, it was evident that the infection produced a detrimental effect on many pathways related to growth and normal metabolism, as genes related to protein synthesis, protein degradation, small molecule biochemistry, lipid metabolism, cancer and carbohydrate metabolism were down-regulated.
It was possible to determine if a decrease in synthesis or an increase in degradation was the cause of the decrease in the concentration of a metabolite (as in hepatic glycogen) and the cause of changes in metabolites which lie on many pathways were also identified (as in hepatic succinate).
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The activity of many pathways relies on correct processing of their receptors and/or ligands, as shown for EGFR and Notch, two evolutionary conserved key signaling pathways implicated in the development of higher eukaryotes.
In contrast, when weak stimuli are applied to many pathways that converge on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, the individual postsynaptic depolarizations generated may collectively depolarize the postsynaptic cell enough to induce LTP cooperatively.
Dr. Evans believes that resveratrol acts on so many pathways in the cell, particularly at high doses, that it is hard to know how it is achieving any given effect, whereas the role of Aicar and GW1516 is well defined.
After one too many pathways come to a dead end, I just want to be back on the barge.
I happen to know firsthand that while they stumbled more than a few times on the many pathways of uncertainty we traveled as a family they always found the courage, wisdom and strength to pick themselves up and continue their journey up the mountain with four wild children in tow.
These difficulties highlight the importance of combining various approaches to increase our knowledge on the many pathways that are affected during the pathogenesis of asthma and possibly increase the likelihood of identifying asthma-related genes harboring sequence variants that predispose or modulate asthma and atopy.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com