Instead, investigations into the genetic basis of Onthophagus biology have had to rely on homology-based gene-by-gene cloning [ 28, 29] and only very recently on low throughput EST sequencing [ 30].
Commonly used molecular markers such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) [ 5], restriction length polymorphisms (RFLP) [ 6] and simple sequence repeats (SSR) [ 7] have generally been assayed on low throughput agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis to detect size or conformation polymorphisms.
Most researchers will stick with established DNA methods and continue to rely on low-throughput techniques to study proteins, says Monika Green of Cambridge Consultants in Britain.
This intrinsic feature in cyanobacterial metabolism is being understood through recent identification of new biochemical reactions and engineering on low-throughput pathways.
Isolation of cells from specific regions of 3D cultures is possible, but relies on low-throughput techniques such as tissue sectioning and micromanipulation.
Indeed, while aid organizations increasingly use the distributed, real-time communication tools of the 21st century, much disaster research continues to rely on low-throughput, post-event data, such as questionnaires, eyewitness reports [28], [29], and communication records between first responders or relief organizations [30].
However, validation of the efficacy of these enzymes at detoxifying gluten in vitro must precede clinical testing, and such validation currently relies on low-throughput, technically challenging cell culture-based assays [19], [20], [27] or on polyclonal anti-gliadin antibody-based ELISA assays that are only grossly quantitative [20].
Early methods for analyzing AS events rely on low-throughput technologies such as real time quantitative PCR [ 1].
Transcriptomic characterizations of venom glands of snakes [ 25- 28] and other animals [ 29- 32] have relied almost exclusively on low-throughput sequencing approaches.
These previous experiments relied on low-throughput fabrication techniques such as focused ion beam (FIB) or electron-beam lithography to pattern nanoholes in a metal film.
However, most of these maps are low-density genetic maps based on low-throughput molecular markers such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.
