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The "selfish gene" analysis, so called after a book by Richard Dawkins, makes good-of-the-group outcomes almost impossible to achieve.War and peaceA few researchers, of whom Dr Bowles is one, have been unwilling to give up on group selection completely.
Morality and religion, he suspects, are traits based on group selection.
Wilson in 2007 on group selection, praised the work.
The overall result is that the current majority position arguing there is little or no group selection in the evolution of human sociality is given minority coverage, and the minority position on group selection is given majority coverage.
However, it would be hard for the average reader to grasp these facts from Wilson's presentation as he gradually moves from widely accepted evolutionist principles to much more controversial positions on group selection in humans without making it abundantly clear to the general reader that he has entered more highly disputed territory.
These requirements for "group selection" make perfect sense given that Williams' prime target was Vero Wynne-Edwards, who promoted a view of group selection that incorporated this same two-pronged definition of a unit of selection (see Borrello 2010 for a philosophically-oriented history of Wynne-Edwards and his views on group selection).
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For example, the program Jalview allows conservation coloring based on group selections to highlight subfamily differences.
While a realized heritability greater than 1 is not possible in classical theory, when one considers the impact of group selection on IGEs, Bijma et al. (2007b) shows that such a response is theoretically possible.
Figure 4 Effect of group selection on PAPR in UL SC-FDMA with QPSK modulation, 1 CC, single Antenna, obtained by 10,000 Monte-Carlo simulations.
Some theorists have used this to argue against the evolutionary importance of group selection, on the grounds that genetic differences between groups, which are essential for group selection to operate, are unlikely to persist in the face of migration.
On the subject of group selection, I choose to adopt the view that, in fragmented populations, each group effectively becomes equivalent to a multi-cellular organism (see [ 43] for recent views on organismality).
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