Both species' caterpillars live on grasses found on field margins.
The colonisation of steppe species on field margins occurs mainly through seed rain and is very slow and incomplete.
The general processes leading to the escape and persistence of cultivated species on field margins are still poorly investigated.
Knowing how reliant common voles are on field margins in Mediterranean agricultural landscapes would be an important step forward for more targeted management.
We identified 13 parameters that are of likely importance for the species numbers of butterflies and 14 parameters likely to be important for the species numbers of plants on field margins.
Beside the field scale some studies focused on field margins [30], on effects of organic farming at the landscape scale [31] or use a farm scale approach [32].
Mean ambient temperatures of field margin nettles were on average 1.4°C higher (LRT χ²1 = 8.57, P = 0.0034), and more variable, than woodland gap nettles (Table 1).
Here, we evaluate four different types of field margin management, including botanical field margins, focusing on aerial insects (an important part of the diet of Black-tailed Godwit chicks and Redshank chicks) in field centers and margins.
An already existing type of field margin AES with additional management is the botanical field margin.
Unfortunately, the majority of existing studies on the effects of field margins and landscape focussed on either natural enemies or (less often) on pests, but very rarely on both.
