Based on extrapolations from existing data, one would expect 18 cases of pituitary apoplexy per one million people every year; the actual figure is probably lower.
On the other hand, he cautioned, the cytokine hypothesis is based on extrapolations from other data and animal studies.
Yet few of those who quote the figures know that they are largely based on extrapolations from the 2001 census.
Until now, estimates of meltwater loss for all the world's 200,000 glaciers were based on extrapolations of data from a few hundred monitored on the ground.
An assessment of the interpretation of the research will probably center on the fact that it is based largely on extrapolations back in time.
All of them are limited by the fact that they're necessarily based on extrapolations from current consumer and network behavior, rather than empirical data.
The authors, keen on extrapolations, often show a casual disregard for what California's venture capitalists, an equally optimistic bunch, describe respectfully as the "Valley of Death".
When the C.D.C. estimated the annual toll from bacterial foodborne illness -- 1,500 dead, 4 million sick -- it relied not on extrapolations from rodents but on interviews, hospital records and death certificates.
With most toxic substances, scientists rely on extrapolations from what happens when laboratory animals are given immense doses of toxic substances to what might happen when humans are exposed to low levels.
Yet even with this leeway, there is reason to be pessimistic about hitting the target by 2030.The case that this goal is feasible rests on extrapolations from the economic performance of the past few decades.
The SNP, for understandable reasons, disputes these figures and comes up with a host of its own based on extrapolations, academic research and other props that 'prove' Scotland was a net contributor by way of £34 billion to the Treasury in London between 1979-1994.
