Finally, we advance understanding of the characteristics explaining the differential impact of R&D subsidies on external collaboration breadth by utilising the organisational learning literature to demonstrate the important role of firm collaboration experience.
Innovation relies more and more on external collaboration.
Yet, in practice, the situation is more complex than that with a range of actors exercising influence in different phases of the policy process because of the reliance on external collaboration and funding and a partially privatized health sector (Thomé and Polsena 2009).
Several empirical studies on the effects of external collaboration scripts on CSCL practices can be considered as supporting the external script guidance principle (Principle 6; e.g., Hämäläinen et al., 2008; Kollar et al., 2007; Schellens et al., 2007; Schoonenboom, 2008; Stegmann et al., 2007; Wecker, Stegmann, et al., 2010; Weinberger et al., 2005; Weinberger, Stegmann, & Fischer, 2010).
And it isn't just about internal collaboration, which is important in itself, but of external collaboration between businesses.
This is an important result because it means that most of the clustering was due to external collaboration as it was noted already, and for Networks 2 and 3, triangle formation depends on having at least two nodes from INMEGEN.
The principles specify an optimal scaffolding level for external collaboration scripts and allow for the formulation of hypotheses about the fading of external collaboration scripts.
We contribute to understanding of the indirect impacts of R&D subsidies by first providing strong evidence of an economically significant average positive impact of R&D subsidies on firm external collaboration breadth.
In this paper, we combine cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Spanish Panel of Technological Innovation Survey (PITEC) to examine the indirect impact of R&D subsidies on firm external collaboration breadth.
Similarly, internal collaborations are encouraged but limitations to external collaborations exist due to financial and proprietary constraints.
In this study, the gradual fading-out procedure for an external collaboration script guiding collaborative information search in a learning environment on genetic engineering continued for several weeks.
