While Presidents Eisenhower and Bush decided on exceptions that violated national boundaries and international treaties, President Obama is exercising his exceptional prerogatives in the unbounded domains of aerospace and cyberspace.
He will insist on exceptions, of course, most notably for Britain's ageing population.
Nevertheless, the yo-in system remains the fundamental tonal source for new Japanese music from the 17th century on, exceptions being revived court music, new Noh plays, and the work of avant-garde composers after World War II.
The tightening of the laws in 1764 contributed to the unrest leading to the rebellion of England's American colonies; their achievement of independence made the first serious breach in the navigation system, and from then on exceptions were increasingly made.
He makes his case with all his customary zest and with a wealth of, often very funny, illustrative detail.However, for all his insistence on complexity, Mr Cannadine's generalisations are sometimes too sweeping and a chapter on "Exceptions", in which he produces an equally sweeping set of counter-examples, is a case of "thèse, antithèse, foutaise".
Then in 2008, the commission, headed by Christopher Cox, surprised many by agreeing to allow foreign companies using international rules to file financial statements without reconciling them to U.S. GAAP, as long as the companies used international standards as the international board had written them, rather than relying on exceptions approved by national bodies.
