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Highway design standards specify several requirements on available sight distance.
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Barriers along open highways and walls on tunnels may restrict the available sight distance in the design of horizontal curves.
One of the first researchers that assessed the available sight distance on 3-D alignment, Sanchez [7], studied the interaction between the sight distance and the 3-D combined alignment idealized into a net of triangles using Inroads software [a specific road design software, (http://www.bentley.com)].
Several years later, Hassan et al. [8] presented an analytical model for computing available sight distance on combined horizontal and vertical highway alignments, using parametric finite elements (4, 6 and 8-node rectangular elements as well as 3-node triangular elements) to represent the highway and sight obstructions.
An important element of highway design is ensuring that the available sight distance (ASD) on a highway meets driver needs.
The results confirmed previous findings according to which the available sight distance depends on the type of the vertical alignment and the curvature of crest or sag vertical curves overlapping on the horizontal curve.
However, the available sight distance was not based on the road's compound (horizontal and vertical) alignment.
Moreover, a recent research by Moreno et al. [17] according to which the location of the vertical midpoint that maximizes available sight distance is located before the horizontal vertex, is validated on divided roads with median barriers as well.
Passing zones are provided where available sight distance is greater than the minimum passing sight distance; and their length and frequency depend mainly on the physical constrains and cost limitations.
A sight distance model that not only automatically calculates available sight distance (ASD) and stopping sight distance (SSD), but also evaluates sight distance deficiency of alternative alignments is proposed.
A Clinical Psychiatric Officer was available on sight to handle mental health emergencies and to make referrals to the Regional Referral Hospital in case of a mental health emergency such as severe depression or conduct problem with a potential for harm.
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