Data have been drawn from multiple sources, following an approach based on an area scale and later on case-studies.
The imprecision of alternative statistical estimates such as directly standardized rate ratios, when calculated on small area scale, is a far more serious problem (Jarup and Best 2003).
Combining these components properly to achieve optimal solutions is considered to be a useful step, especially on the local area scale.
Our analyses, however, used age and sex standardized population-based rates on a small area scale as an outcome, and it is unlikely that populations in areas with high specialist density are characterized by a higher burden of disease.
The difficulty in obtaining these counts owes to the fact that census data are collected on a different area scale than the specific census regions used in the federal hospital discharge data file.
We divided the annual cycle of marked whooper swans into four stages on the basis of the area, scale of their movements, and arrival and departure dates.
The best-effort delivery system of the Internet, often used as the underlying transport network, imposes severe constraints on the transfer of massive amounts of data, and thus restricts the deployment of the above applications on wide-area scales.
We did have information on socioeconomic deprivation at small-area scale.
On time scales, one area lacking of development is the method of finding solutions on partial dynamic equations.
More importantly, IL can offer the possibility to construct homogeneous micro- or nanometer-structured surfaces on areas with wafer scale that is either impossible or extremely time consuming with other patterning techniques.
FB and FBL were also scored according to a 5-grade scale, based on area covered as follows: 1, no browning or reddening; 1.5, affected area < 5%; 2, affected area ≥ 5% and < 25%; 2.5, affected area ≥ 25% and < 50%; and 3.0, affected area ≥ 50%.
