Because males discriminated between leaves of the same plant species looking the same but scented with different odours and because males without milfoil experience instantly preferred milfoil odour, we conclude that starlings use olfactory cues to select green nest material following an olfactory pattern designed prior to birth which may be supplemented by learning early in ontogeny.
We have developed a broadly applicable, inexpensive and highly responsive sensor system, called the MonoNose, which uses real-time VOC pattern recognition and the matching of the measured dynamic olfactory pattern with previously identified reference patterns.
In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, we have shown that pharmacological blockade of octopamine (OA) receptors impairs conditioning of olfactory, visual pattern or color stimuli with water reward, whereas blockade of dopamine (DA) receptors specifically impairs conditioning of these stimuli with sodium chloride punishment [ 13- 15].
This study not only indicated the specific olfactory effect patterns for the critical odorants emitted from food waste composting plants, but provided the practical information for the odor control engineering to judge the elimination priority.
In contrast, Dusek and Eichenbaum (1998) reported that perirhinal lesions impair olfactory transverse patterning.
An important future subject is to determine the sites of convergence of CS and US for olfactory and visual pattern learning in crickets.
Here we show that OA and DA receptor antagonists impair appetitive and aversive memory recall, respectively, in olfactory and visual pattern conditioning in crickets.
We found, at first, that epinastine and mianserin, OA receptor antagonists, impair appetitive memory recall without affecting aversive memory recall, whereas fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, and spiperone, DA receptor antagonists, impair aversive memory recall without affecting appetitive memory recall, in olfactory and visual pattern learning in crickets.
The present finding that these drugs impair olfactory and visual pattern memory recall, however, prompted us to re-examine the validity of this conclusion, because if the effect of drugs remained during the retention test, the impairment may not be due to an impairment of conditioning.
Although studies in other vertebrate species are needed before to know if the presence of migrating Pax6 neurons along the developing olfactory nerve form part of the common general pattern, we propose they play a role as guidepost cells for the outgrowing axons of Pax6 olfactory receptor neurons anchored to the olfactory epithelium.
In the meantime, increasingly sensitive transcriptomic analyses are likely to reveal genes that pattern the olfactory neurons of the nose in smaller and smaller sub-divisions.
