Traditional services such as trade, hotels, restaurants and public administration remain largely bound by the old constraints.
But, generally, moral codes are loosening in a Western European society that is ever more mobile and bereft of the old constraints that church, community and steady jobs provided.
It must cease to be a luxury and become a practical device!" Cars, Ladd astutely points out, were politically unsettling: "The automotive metropolis offered liberation from old constraints, yet the car's defenders were increasingly those who called themselves conservatives.
But even with new technology, some of the old constraints of cartography remain.Dig deeper: An infographic on disputed borders (Feb 2012) Crimea in the Russian imagination (March 2014) How mapmakers are competing for your smartphone (Oct 2012).
But he published his theories just as the British economy was escaping the old constraints, thanks to the agricultural and industrial revolutions, a process that quickly spread to the rest of Europe and North America.
This is partly because, as the environmental crisis deepens, cities seem less appealing, and the country more so, at a time when digital technology is erasing many of the old constraints of living and working there.
The hope is that a grand alliance, and joint ventures under its umbrella, stand more chance of breaking free from old constraints than attempts to strike separate deals on particular routes.Vorsprung durch DBThere is no doubt that Germany's state-owned railway is at the forefront of Europe's rail revolution.
Old constraints remain for now, though.
OUYA, GamePop, GameStick, Mad Catz and whatever Google might be cooking up are relatively unencumbered by old constraints, and therefore able to empower indies in the first sense.
