Ultimately, say the researchers, the children of fathers who are confident and secure in their parenting role and who form an early, strong bond with their offspring are less likely to experience behavioural problems in later life.
In this way, increased polyandry in response to parasite exposure may directly increase offspring survival [ 28] if the offspring are less likely to become infected.
Women who were exposed to famine in utero had more offspring, more twins, were less likely to remain childless and started reproducing at a younger age when compared with other women.
In addition, offspring with higher BMI were less likely to smoke than those with a lower BMI, but had fathers who were more likely to smoke and had lower blood pressure.
Probands and offspring of the LLFS cohort were less likely to have diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease and peripheral artery disease than the CHS and FHS cohort members.
Eligible offspring with missing outcome data were less likely to be born at term and on average had a lower birth weight and a smaller head circumference (results not shown).
Due to this preference, offspring of females that preferred younger males were less likely to inherit deleterious mutations.
Women with offspring with defects within the septal grouping were less likely to have higher PM2.5 exposure during this time (90th/10th centile comparison OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 0.9).
Our results did support the transitional hypothesis, both because SREs were produced at an inopportune time, and because the underlying allocation pattern showed that heavily time-constrained plants were less likely to defer offspring than were less time-constrained plants.
For instance, a meta-analysis by Goh and colleagues reported that offspring of women who took prenatal multivitamins were less likely to have leukemia (odds ratio (OR)=0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI =0.50-0.74), pediatric brain tumors (OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.60-0.88) aneuroblastomaOR=0.53=0.53, 95% CI=0.42-0.68), compared to children whose mothers did not take supplements [ 27].
