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Offspring emergence varied greatly, but there was modest evidence that tillage reduced offspring emergence in treatment cages.
IGRs showed very low contact and residual toxicity, but exhibited certain chronic effects of oral toxicity on longevity, fecundity, and offspring emergence.
A few days before offspring emergence, potentially parasitized host pupae were placed individually in gelatine capsules (Ø 7.95×23 mm).
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We speculate that the synthesis of a cortex-like peptidoglycan may accommodate several Epulopiscium characteristics including rapid offspring growth, emergence of offspring from the mother cell or other functions that support a large bacterial cell.
This visible modification offers the opportunity to easily estimate female realized fecundity without waiting for offspring's emergence (Reay-Jones et al. 2006; Tabone et al. 2010).
Deposition of offspring and pupal emergence show a distinct diurnal pattern in all bat fly populations.
Above this threshold frequent droughts kill the offspring and inhibit emergence.
The increase in body mass in the yellow-bellied marmot resulted from a longer growing season due to shifts in the phenology of individuals (e.g. an earlier weaning of offspring and earlier emergence from hibernation, Ozgul et al. 2010).
Using these grandchildren, we then measure the following major fitness components: 1) male mating success; 2) a composite measure of adult fecundity and offspring survival to emergence as adults; and 3) adult longevity (because the laboratory stock population is maintained with overlapping generations).
However, due to the earlier emergence of offspring in the DMP colonies, the mean interval between emergence of the 1st and 15th offspring was considerably longer for the diploid treatment (41.3 days ± 2.00, n = 6) than for either the inbred (26.51 days ± 1.18, n = 14) or outbred (23.6 days ± 1.21, n = 16) treatments.
Upon emergence, 16 20 offspring per female were collected for DNA extraction and paternity analyses.
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