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Dr. Moller's studies indicate that the association of an ornament (long tail) with a sign of fitness (more offspring) does not automatically imply that the ornament has been sexually selected in the female.
To keep the population diversity, this paper designs an efficient crossover operator by using dislocation a crossover technique and builds a niche evolution procedure, where a better offspring does not replace the whole or most individuals but replaces the worse ones of the current population.
It seems that, as a result, the reduction of fecundity costs in uninfected female offspring does not suffice to offset the increased costs of CI incurred by mutant females.
This increase in percentage female offspring does not appear to be related to exposures to inorganic borates.
Temme (1989) and Heigh (1990) showed that equal investment in all offspring does not maximize parental fitness if a parent can detect differences in quality between litter mates.
The program for optimum contribution selection allows adding the constraint that the expected mean breeding value of the offspring does not fall below a certain value.
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After all, the classical definition of species as interbreeding individuals with sexually viable offspring doesn't apply to asexual organisms.
It is a delicately satisfying touch that George, representing generations of oblivious young-adult offspring, doesn't even appear to be listening.
Lawrence's informal adoption of a new set of offspring doesn't sit easily with his own children, who already have a well-stocked cupboard of grudges against him.
However, just because western wolves can produce viable offspring doesn't mean they ever have in the wild.
For males, this means that the drive to produce offspring doesn't end with mating; their sperm may have to compete with that of several other males.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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