The Dσ 2 estimates (i.e. product of population density and axial mean square parent-offspring distance as defined by [ 62]), were calculated according to b = 1/(4π Dσ 2 ) to estimate the signal strength.
For one-dimensional habitats such as coastlines, the standard deviation of the dispersal kernel (σ, also known as the axial parent-offspring distance) is estimated from the relationship (1) Where De is the effective density and m is the slope of the relationship between FST/(1 − FST) and geographic distance (Wright 1943; Rousset 1997).
There was no maternal diet effect (p = 0.265), postnatal diet effect (p = 0.066) and no significant interaction (p = 0.611) between the two factors on unadjusted offspring anogenital distance (AG) or on AG distance adjusted for body length (Table 2).
In the second, migration is implicit, through the varied ability of cell types to place their offspring a distance away, in response to another cell's death.
The second model implicitly describes migration through the varied ability of cell types to place their offspring a distance away, in response to another cell's death.
For stationary hosts that disperse offspring over short distances, evolutionary dynamics can lead to persistent populations with a variety of spatial structures.
Next, we used the command line version of PennCNV software that integrates, in a joint-calling algorithm, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with family relationships, signal intensities for parent-offspring trios, marker distance and population frequency of allele B [ 17].
At each generation of NSGA-II, non-dominated sorting is first employed to select solutions with lower ranks from the population combining parent population with offspring population, and crowding distance is used as the secondary metric to distinguish solutions in the same rank by favoring solutions with a large crowding distance.
Prenatal exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in rodents causes reproductive changes in male offspring and decreases anogenital distance.
In our simulations speciation occurred most frequently when environmental light gradients were of intermediate steepness and dispersal distance of offspring was relatively small.
Dose-related effects on male offspring included reduced anogenital distance, areola and nipple retention, undescended testes, and permanently incomplete preputial separation.
