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In general, higher consumption is associated with better offspring balance though most associations are weak and imprecisely estimated.
An apparent beneficial effect of higher total maternal alcohol consumption on offspring balance appeared likely to reflect residual confounding.
30 32 One previous longitudinal study reported adverse effects of maternal alcohol consumption prior to recognition of pregnancy on offspring balance at age 4.
In general, higher total maternal-alcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with better offspring balance, the strongest effects being seen in relation to static balance.
Self-reported higher total maternal alcohol use during pregnancy was generally associated with better offspring balance outcomes with some of these apparent effects being strong.
No evidence was found to indicate that moderate maternal alcohol consumption in this population sample had an adverse effect on offspring balance at age 10.
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A sample of six male and six female offspring (balanced between batches) were chosen from each family.
Potential confounding factors were considered based on evidence of their variation with maternal alcohol consumption and with offspring-balance outcomes.
Given the putative role of the rodent neonatal leptin surge in persistent effects on offspring energy balance, we investigated leptin profiles in pup serum and stomach contents (as a proxy measure of the dam's milk content) over the suckling period.
Furthermore, to define developmental periods of maternal diet misprogramming aspects of offspring metabolic balance, we investigated offspring physiological and transcriptomic consequences of maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet feeding during pregnancy and/or lactation.
In summary, we uncover female-specific, maternal diet-mediated in utero misprogramming of offspring metabolic balance with a striking sexual dimorphism in glucose- and maternal diet-sensitive PVH gene expression adjustment.
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