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Foreign banks until 2008 were allowed to transfer money for Iranian clients through their American subsidiaries to a separate offshore institution.
But the crown jewel of his domain has long been Stanford International Bank, an offshore institution that attracted billions of dollars of cash from clients around the world — and especially from Latin America — seeking a haven for their wealth.
Until 2008, foreign banks were allowed, in a sanctions loophole, to transfer money for Iran through their American subsidiaries to a separate offshore institution while providing the scantiest information about the client to their United States units as long as they had thoroughly vetted the transactions for suspicious activity.
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Until 2008, foreign banks were permitted to transfer money for Iran through their American subsidiaries to separate offshore institutions.
Until 2008, foreign banks like Standard Chartered were permitted to transfer money for Iranian clients through their American branches to separate offshore institutions.
In total, UBS helped incorporate more than 1,000 offshore institutions for clients from China, Hong Kong or Taiwan, while PwC had a role in establishing at least 400.
This assertion relies on two assumptions: (1) financial institutions indeed move in response to burdensome regulations, and (2) unilateral regulation is insufficient to achieve regulatory objectives with respect to offshore institutions.
But it's harder, and sometimes impossible, to obtain the same information from offshore institutions.
As the operation progressed, the F.B.I. located a $38 million account in the Pacific Industrial Bank, an offshore financial institution headquartered in Grand Cayman with offices in Miami, which was then frozen at the request of the Peruvian authorities.
And, to be fair, the Northern Rock appeal involved small shareholders as well as offshore financial institutions.
As the Vatican City State, it can shelter prelates wanted for questioning elsewhere and play host to offshore financial institutions such as the Vatican Bank.
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